Other English speaking countries – Vocabulary

C1 level words

1. Assimilation – The process of adapting or blending into a different culture or society.
   • The assimilation of immigrants into the local culture can take time.
2. Autonomy – The ability of a country or region to govern itself independently.
   • The region was granted greater autonomy from the central government.
3. Biculturalism – The presence of two distinct cultures within a single society.
   • Biculturalism allows people to embrace two different cultures simultaneously.
4. Colonialism – A system where one country controls another, exploiting its resources and people.
   • Colonialism shaped the political and economic structures of many African nations.
5. Constitution – A set of fundamental principles or laws that govern a country.
   • The country’s constitution guarantees freedom of speech.
6. Diaspora – The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland.
   • The Irish diaspora has spread Irish culture across the globe.
7. Ethnocentrism – The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.
   • Ethnocentrism can lead to misunderstandings between cultures.
8. Exploitation – The unfair use of people or resources for personal gain.
   • The exploitation of natural resources can cause serious environmental damage.
9. Hegemony – Dominance or leadership, especially of one country over others.
   • The country’s cultural hegemony influences fashion trends worldwide.
10. Imperialism – A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or force.
    • British imperialism had a lasting impact on India’s development.
11. Legislation – Laws that have been officially enacted by a government.
    • New legislation was passed to protect the rights of workers.
12. Marginalization – The process of pushing a group to the edges of society, limiting their opportunities.
    • The marginalization of indigenous communities has led to social inequalities.
13. Nationalism – Strong identification with and support for one’s own country, often to the exclusion of others.
    • Nationalism can be both a unifying and a divisive force in a country.
14. Pluralism – A society where different cultural or religious groups coexist peacefully.
    • Religious pluralism allows multiple faiths to coexist peacefully.
15. Postcolonial – Relating to the period after a country has gained independence from colonial rule.
    • Postcolonial literature often explores themes of identity and resistance.
16. Prejudice – A negative opinion about someone based on race, religion, or other differences.
    • She faced prejudice because of her foreign accent.
17. Resilience – The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks.
    • The resilience of the community after the disaster was inspiring.
18. Segregation – The enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or social groups.
    • Racial segregation was legally enforced in some countries until the mid-20th century.
19. Subjugation – The act of bringing someone or something under control, often by force.
    • The subjugation of the native population was a tragic part of history.
20. Transcultural – Extending across multiple cultures or influencing many cultures.
    • Transcultural influences can be seen in the country’s diverse cuisine.
21. Civic engagement – Active participation in the political or social life of a community.
    • Voting is an important part of civic engagement in a democracy.
22. Cultural appropriation – The adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often controversially.
    • Some fashion trends have been criticized for cultural appropriation.
23. Sociopolitical – Relating to both social and political factors in society.
    • The sociopolitical climate of the country affects its economy.
24. Globalization – The process by which businesses and cultures spread across the world.
    • Globalization has made international trade more accessible.
25. Jurisdiction – The official power to make legal decisions and judgments.
    • The court has no jurisdiction over crimes committed outside the country.
26. Disenfranchisement – The process of depriving someone of their rights, especially voting rights.
    • Many activists fought against the disenfranchisement of minority voters.
27. Sustainable development – Economic growth that meets present needs without harming future generations.
    • The company is committed to sustainable development practices.
28. Patriarchy – A system where men hold primary power in society.
    • Feminist movements challenge traditional patriarchy in society.
29. Cultural hegemony – The dominance of a particular culture’s values and norms over others.
    • Hollywood films contribute to American cultural hegemony worldwide.
30. Repatriation – The process of returning a person or cultural artifact to its country of origin.
    • The museum agreed to the repatriation of ancient artifacts to their country of origin.

B2 level words

1. Aboriginal – Relating to the original inhabitants of a land, especially in Australia.
   • The Aboriginal people of Australia have a rich cultural heritage.
2. Colonization – The act of establishing control over a foreign land and its people.
   • The colonization of North America had a significant impact on indigenous communities.
3. Diverse – Showing a great variety of different cultures, ideas, or people.
   • The city is home to a diverse population, with people from all over the world.
4. Emigration – The act of leaving one’s country to settle in another.
   • His emigration to Canada was motivated by better job opportunities.
5. Federation – A political system where smaller states or regions unite under a central government.
   • Australia became a federation in 1901, uniting its states under one government.
6. Heritage – Traditions, culture, and historical influences passed down through generations.
   • The festival celebrates the cultural heritage of the region.
7. Immigration – The act of coming to a new country to live permanently.
   • Immigration policies vary greatly between different countries.
8. Indigenous – Describes the native people, plants, or animals of a region.
   • Indigenous tribes have lived in this area for thousands of years.
9. Multicultural – A society or place that includes people from many different cultures.
   • Canada is known for being a multicultural society.
10. Parliament – The group of people who make laws in a country.
    • The British Parliament passed a new law on education reform.
11. Province – A region within a country, often with its own government.
    • Quebec is a province in Canada where French is the official language.
12. Reconciliation – The process of restoring friendly relations after a conflict or disagreement.
    • Efforts toward reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians continue.
13. Settlement – A place where people establish a community.
    • The first European settlement in Australia was established in 1788.
14. Sovereignty – The full right and power of a country to govern itself.
    • The country fought to regain its sovereignty from colonial rule.
15. Territory – A large area of land that belongs to a country but is not a state or province.
    • The Arctic territory is home to many indigenous communities.
16. Tradition – A custom or belief that has been passed down through generations.
    • It is a family tradition to gather for a large meal on Christmas Eve.
17. Treaty – A formal agreement between two or more countries or groups.
    • The peace treaty brought an end to the conflict.
18. Urbanization – The growth of cities as more people move to live there.
    • Urbanization has led to an increase in high-rise buildings in major cities.
19. Vibrant – Full of energy, life, and activity.
    • The city has a vibrant nightlife with many clubs and restaurants.
20. Wilderness – A natural, undeveloped area of land, usually without many people.
    • They went on an expedition into the untouched wilderness of Alaska.
21. Infrastructure – Basic physical structures like roads, buildings, and transport systems.
    • The government is investing in improving the country’s infrastructure.
22. Cultural identity – A sense of belonging to a specific cultural group.
    • Maintaining cultural identity is important for many immigrant communities.
23. Ethnicity – A group of people who share a common cultural background.
    • The census collects data on ethnicity and cultural background.
24. Integration – The process of different groups coming together in society.
    • Successful integration into society depends on learning the local language.
25. Representation – The act of speaking or acting on behalf of a group of people.
    • The senator called for better representation of minorities in government.
26. Migration – The movement of people from one place to another.
    • Bird migration patterns are influenced by seasonal changes.
27. Citizenship – The status of being a legal member of a country.
    • After living in the UK for five years, she applied for citizenship.
28. Community – A group of people living together and sharing common interests.
    • The local community organized a fundraiser for the school.
29. Discrimination – Unfair treatment of people based on race, gender, or other factors.
    • Laws have been introduced to prevent workplace discrimination.
30. Independence – The state of being free from external control.
    • India gained independence from British rule in 1947.